https://wiki.mozilla.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Jothan&feedformat=atomMozillaWiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T23:23:37ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.27.4https://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List/Use_Cases&diff=1235577Public Suffix List/Use Cases2021-05-17T15:48:32Z<p>Jothan: Made consistent with other 'note' pages</p>
<hr />
<div><span style="color: red"><b>Note:</b> this Mozilla wiki page has not been updated in 10 years, and the [https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/pulls PSL maintenence] and wiki/etc has migrated to GitHub, where there is a [https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/wiki wiki] and other documentation that are better resources for those curious about the PSL. </span><br />
<br />
The [[Public_Suffix_List|PSL]] is being used for more things than was originally intended, and various edge cases, which need to be "in" for one use but "out" for another, are causing people difficulty. This page attempts to gather those potential use cases and help us make a decision on which ones to support, and how.<br />
<br />
The current definition according to publicsuffix.org is: 'A "public suffix" is one under which Internet users can directly register names.'<br />
<br />
{| border=1<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Description<br />
! Question<br />
! In List<br />
! Not In List<br />
! Doesn't Matter<br />
|-<br />
| Cookie-Setting<br />
| Deciding whether a cookie should be allowed to be set for a suffix of a given domain<br />
| Are this domain and its suffix controlled by the same entity?<br />
| com, appspot.com, co.uk<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 'Responsible Domain' Highlighting/Browser History Sorting<br />
| Deciding which parts of a domain to highlight or sort on in a UI - "Public Suffix + 1"<br />
| Are this domain and its suffix controlled by the same entity?<br />
| com, appspot.com, co.uk<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Navigability<br />
| Deciding whether a browser should attempt to navigate to a given URL without consulting DNS<br />
| Is there (likely to be) an A record for this domain?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| SSL Wildcards<br />
| Deciding whether to issue or accept an SSL wildcard certificate for *.public.suffix.<br />
| Are the servers of this domain and its suffix operated by the same entity?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| TLD Validation in programming languages<br />
| Numerous programming languages use the PSL to validate form entries or logic determining validity of TLDs where PSL is used to validate the rightmost apex of TLD. <br />
| In this form value someone just submitted for the URL of their API, was the TLD valid?<br />
| com, co.uk <br />
| <br />
| appspot.com<br />
|-<br />
| Anti-Spam<br />
| The rightmost apex of TLDs is reviewed for validity on return/sender addresses as a basic check, using match in PSL as initial pass/fail to reduce processing time. <br />
| Should I quickly drop this email FROM: perp@scam.you if .you isn't in the list of TLDs?<br />
| com, co.uk <br />
| <br />
| appspot.com<br />
|- <br />
| Whois or other TLD related client software<br />
| Use of PSL to track delta/changes/additions to list of possible TLD extensions for purposes of determining whois servers for distributed clients. <br />
| What changed in the last version of the PSL, so I know what needs to get attention specifically?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[pkasting] Three questions:<br />
* I don't know whether the cookie "question" is precisely correct. Are there situations where one organization should be able to read/write another organization's cookies? For example, should a page on appspot.com be able to read a page on foo.appspot.com?<br />
* I don't think I understand the "history sorting" case completely. What are some concrete examples of this? In an ideal world, would this distinguish between subdomains which are conceptually "different sites" from the parent domain (e.g. mail.google.com versus google.com) and those which are not?<br />
* We should probably consider hypothetical future cases involving ICANN's new "sell anyone their own TLD" policy, like whether we need to do anything special if someone buys a TLD and tries to make it directly navigable via an A record. (Is there some organization which has the authority to approve or reject such actions?) [Jothan] Will track this</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=TLD_List&diff=1235576TLD List2021-05-17T15:47:08Z<p>Jothan: Link to Github PSL Repo for most recent info</p>
<hr />
<div><span style="color: red"><b>Note</b>: this page has been obsoleted by the information available at [http://publicsuffix.org publicsuffix.org]. Further updates are done on [https://github.com/publicsuffix/list the PSL GitHub Repository]</span><br />
<br />
This is a list of all TLDs (top-level-domains) with their policies for second and third level domains. This is to help with bug [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=319643 319643], bug [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=252342 252342], bug [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=8743 8743], bug [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=66383 66383], bug [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=264632 264632], ... It will take some time to check every domain, since there isn't a good list available.<br />
<br />
{| style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;<br />
|-<br />
!align=left|Type!!Comment!!Examples<br />
|-<br />
| A||Only second level domains||*.com, *.nl <br />
|-<br />
| B||Only third level domains||*.co.uk<br />
|-<br />
| C||Mixed second and third level domains||*.be, *.ac.be<br />
|-<br />
| D||Other||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== TLDs in the root DNS ==<br />
http://data.iana.org/TLD/tlds-alpha-by-domain.txt<br />
# Version 2007020901, Last Updated Sat Feb 10 09:07:01 2007 UTC<br />
<br />
The data in this table has been gathered from the relevant registry and Wikipedia. When the data here is complete, registries will be asked to confirm it and amend it if necessary. TLDs without a registry link are ones where second and third-level domains have not been finalised.<br />
<br />
{| style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;<br />
|-<br />
!align=left|TLD!!Type!!List of domains!!Comments!!Registry<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ac AC]||C||com.ac edu.ac gov.ac net.ac mil.ac org.ac<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ad AD]||C||ad nom.ad|| ||[http://www.nic.ad/index_eng.htm]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ae AE]||C||ae net.ae gov.ae org.ae mil.ae sch.ae ac.ae pro.ae name.ae|| ||[http://www.nic.ae/english/index.jsp]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.aero AERO]||A||aero|| ||[http://www.nic.aero/]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.af AF]||C||af gov.af edu.af net.af com.af|| ||[http://www.nic.af/]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ag AG]||C||ag com.ag org.ag net.ag co.ag nom.ag|| ||[http://www.nic.ag/]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ai AI]||C||ai off.ai com.ai net.ai org.ai|| ||[http://nic.com.ai/]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.al AL]||C||gov.al edu.al org.al com.al net.al (uniti.al tirana.al soros.al upt.al inima.al)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.am AM]||A||am|| ||[https://www.amnic.net/]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.an AN]||C||an com.an net.an org.an edu.an|| ||[http://www.una.an/an_domreg/] (in Dutch)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ao AO]||B||co.ao ed.ao gv.ao it.ao og.ao pb.ao|| ||[http://www.dns.ao/]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.aq AQ]|| || ||This TLD is unused.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ar AR]||B||com.ar gov.ar int.ar mil.ar net.ar org.ar|| ||[http://www.nic.ar/] (in Spanish)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.arpa ARPA]||B||e164.arpa in-addr.arpa iris.arpa ip6.arpa uri.arpa urn.arpa||Domains cannot be registered under the .arpa TLD.||n/a<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.as AS]||A||as|| ||[http://www.nic.as/]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.at AT]||C||at gv.at ac.at co.at or.at priv.at|| ||[http://www.nic.at/en/index/]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au AU]||D||asn.au com.au net.au id.au org.au csiro.au oz.au info.au conf.au act.au nsw.au nt.au qld.au sa.au tas.au vic.au wa.au<br>For gov.au and edu.au: act nsw nt qld sa tas vic wa||Mostly B, but gov.au and edu.au are split geographically. Tertiary institutions are typically exempt from requiring state-based distinctions; these need to be set as exemptions.||[http://www.auda.org.au/]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.aw AW]||C||aw com.aw|| ||[http://www.setarnet.aw/domreg.html]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ax AX]||A||ax|| ||[http://www.regeringen.ax/axreg/] (in Swedish)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.az AZ]||C||az com.az net.az int.az gov.az biz.az org.az edu.az mil.az pp.az name.az info.az|| ||[http://www.nic.az/EnIndex.htm]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ba BA]||C||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bb BB]||C||com.bb edu.bb gov.bb net.bb org.bb<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bd BD]||B||com.bd edu.bd net.bd gov.bd org.bd mil.bd<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.be BE]||C||ac.be||There are commercial 3rd level domains (to.be, com.be, co.be, xa.be, ap.be) but not official<br>fgov.be is the government, but I'm not sure that counts<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bf BF]||C||gov.bf<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bg BG]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bh BH]||C||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bi BI]||C||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.biz BIZ]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bj BJ]||C||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bm BM]||C||possibly com.bm edu.bm org.bm gov.bm net.bm<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bn BN]||B||com.bn edu.bn org.bn net.bn<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bo BO]||C||bo com.bo org.bo net.bo gov.bo gob.bo edu.bo tv.bo mil.bo int.bo<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.br BR]||B||agr.br am.br art.br edu.br com.br coop.br esp.br far.br fm.br g12.br gov.br imb.br ind.br inf.br mil.br net.br org.br psi.br rec.br srv.br tmp.br tur.br tv.br etc.br adm.br adv.br arq.br ato.br bio.br bmd.br cim.br cng.br cnt.br ecn.br eng.br eti.br fnd.br fot.br fst.br ggf.br jor.br lel.br mat.br med.br mus.br not.br ntr.br odo.br ppg.br pro.br psc.br qsl.br slg.br trd.br vet.br zlg.br dpn.br nom.br<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bs BS]||C||bs com.bs net.bs org.bs (others ?)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bt BT]||C||bt com.bt edu.bt gov.bt net.bt org.bt<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bv BV]|| || ||This TLD is unused.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bw BW]||C||bw co.bw org.bw (others ?)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.by BY]||C||gov.by mil.by<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bz BZ]||C||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca CA]||C||.ca .ab.ca .bc.ca .mb.ca .nb.ca .nf.ca .nl.ca .ns.ca .nt.ca .nu.ca .on.ca .pe.ca .qc.ca .sk.ca .yk.ca<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cat CAT]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cc CC]||C||.cc .co.cc||.co.cc sells as a tld||[http://www.enic.cc], [https://www.co.cc]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cd CD]||C||.cd .com.cd .net.cd .org.cd (others ?)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cf CF]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cg CG]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ch CH]||C?||.ch .com.ch .net.ch .org.ch .gov.ch<br />
|- 0valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ci CI]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ck CK]||C||.co.ck and others<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cl CL]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cm CM]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn CN]||C||.cn .ac.cn .com.cn .edu.cn .gov.cn .net.cn .org.cn .ah.cn .bj.cn .cq.cn .fj.cn .gd.cn .gs.cn .gz.cn .gx.cn .ha.cn .hb.cn .he.cn .hi.cn .hl.cn .hn.cn .jl.cn .js.cn .jx.cn .ln.cn .nm.cn .nx.cn .qh.cn .sc.cn .sd.cn .sh.cn .sn.cn .sx.cn .tj.cn .xj.cn .xz.cn .yn.cn .zj.cn<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.co CO]||B||.com.co .edu.co .org.co .gov.co .mil.co .net.co .nom.co<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.com COM]||C||.us.com<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.coop COOP]||C<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cr CR]||B||ac.cr co.cr ed.cr fi.cr go.cr or.cr sa.cr<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cu CU]||C||.cu .com.cu .edu.cu .org.cu .net.cu .gov.cu .inf.cu<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cv CV]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cx CX]||C||.cx .gov.cx<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cy CY]||B||com.cy biz.cy info.cy ltd.cy pro.cy net.cy org.cy name.cy tm.cy ac.cy ekloges.cy press.cy parliament.cy<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cz CZ]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de DE]||A? || || [http://de.geek-tools.org/en/ More info] about .de domains <br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dj DJ]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dk DK]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dm DM]||C||.dm com.dm net.dm org.dm edu.dm gov.dm<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.do DO]||B||.edu.do .gov.do .gob.do .com.do .org.do .sld.do .web.do .net.do .mil.do .art.do<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dz DZ]||C||.dz .com.dz .org.dz .net.dz .gov.dz .edu.dz .asso.dz .pol.dz .art.dz<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ec EC]||C||.ec .com.ec .info.ec .net.ec .fin.ec .med.ec .pro.ec .org.ec .edu.ec .gov.ec .mil.ec (others ?)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.edu EDU]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ee EE]||C||.ee .com.ee .org.ee .fie.ee .pri.ee (others ?)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eg EG]||B||.eun.eg .edu.eg .sci.eg .gov.eg .com.eg .org.eg .net.eg .mil.eg<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.er ER]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.es ES]||C||.es .com.es .nom.es .org.es .gob.es .edu.es (others ?)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.et ET]||B||.com.et .gov.et .org.et .edu.et .net.et .biz.et .name.et .info.et<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu EU]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fi FI]||C||.fi .aland.fi<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fj FJ]||B||biz.fj com.fj info.fj name.fj net.fj org.fj pro.fj ac.fj gov.fj mil.fj school.fj<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fk FK]||B||.co.fk .org.fk .gov.fk .ac.fk .nom.fk .net.fk<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fm FM]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fo FO]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr FR]||C||.fr .tm.fr .asso.fr .nom.fr .prd.fr .presse.fr .com.fr .gouv.fr<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ga GA]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gb GB]|| || || This TLD is unused.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gd GD]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ge GE]||C||.ge .com.ge .edu.ge .gov.ge .org.ge .mil.ge .net.ge .pvt.ge<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gf GF]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gg GG]||C||.gg .co.gg .net.gg .org.gg (others ?)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gh GH]||B||com.gh edu.gh gov.gh org.gh mil.gh<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gi GI]||C||.gi .com.gi .ltd.gi .gov.gi .mod.gi .edu.gi .org.gi <br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gl GL]||A||<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gm GM]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gn GN]||B||.com.gn .ac.gn .gov.gn .org.gn .net.gn<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gov GOV]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gp GP]||C||.gp .com.gp, .net.gp, .edu.gp, .asso.gp, or .org.gp<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gq GQ]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gr GR]||C||.gr .com.gr .edu.gr .net.gr .org.gr .gov.gr<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gs GS]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gt GT]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gu GU]||B||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gw GW]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gy GY]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hk HK]||C||.hk .com.hk .edu.hk .gov.hk .idv.hk .net.hk .org.hk<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hm HM]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hn HN]||C||.hn .com.hn .edu.hn .org.hn .net.hn .mil.hn .gob.hn<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hm HR]||C||.hr .iz.hr .from.hr .name.hr .com.hr<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ht HT]||C||.ht .com.ht .net.ht .firm.ht .shop.ht .info.ht .pro.ht .adult.ht .org.ht .art.ht .pol.ht .rel.ht .asso.ht .perso.ht .coop.ht .med.ht .edu.ht .gouv.ht<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.hu HU]||C||.hu co.hu info.hu org.hu priv.hu sport.hu tm.hu 2000.hu agrar.hu bolt.hu casino.hu city.hu erotica.hu erotika.hu film.hu forum.hu games.hu hotel.hu ingatlan.hu jogasz.hu konyvelo.hu lakas.hu media.hu news.hu reklam.hu sex.hu shop.hu suli.hu szex.hu tozsde.hu utazas.hu video.hu<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.id ID]||B||ac.id co.id or.id go.id <br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ie IE]||C||.ie .gov.ie<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.il IL]||B||ac.il co.il org.il net.il k12.il gov.il muni.il idf.il<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.im IM]||D||co.im ltd.co.im plc.co.im net.im gov.im org.im nic.im ac.im||4th level domains are possible within co.im<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.in IN]||C||.in .co.in .firm.in .net.in .org.in .gen.in .ind.in .nic.in .ac.in .edu.in .res.in .gov.in .mil.in||many governement domains in nic.in instead of gov.in<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.info INFO]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.int INT]||C?|| ||should be A, but there exists a europa.eu.int too<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.io IO]||C||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.iq IQ]|| || ||This TLD is unused.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ir IR]||C||.ir .ac.ir .co.ir .gov.ir .net.ir .org.ir .sch.ir<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.is IS]||C||???||ac.is, org.is, etc ... exists, but didn't found a list<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.it IT]||D||.it .gov.it others ...||most are 2nd level, but 3rd and 4th level geographical names exists like pisa.it and pontedera.pisa.it<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.je JE]||C||.je .co.je .net.je .org.je<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jm JM]||B||.edu.jm .gov.jm .com.jm .net.jm org.jm<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jo JO]||C||.jo .com.jo .org.jo .net.jo .edu.jo .gov.jo .mil.jo<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jobs JOBS]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp JP]||D||.jp ac.jp ad.jp co.jp ed.jp go.jp gr.jp lg.jp ne.jp or.jp<br>Geo-names: hokkaido.jp aomori.jp iwate.jp miyagi.jp akita.jp yamagata.jp fukushima.jp ibaraki.jp tochigi.jp gunma.jp saitama.jp chiba.jp tokyo.jp kanagawa.jp niigata.jp toyama.jp ishikawa.jp fukui.jp yamanashi.jp nagano.jp gifu.jp shizuoka.jp aichi.jp mie.jp shiga.jp kyoto.jp osaka.jp hyogo.jp nara.jp wakayama.jp tottori.jp shimane.jp okayama.jp hiroshima.jp yamaguchi.jp tokushima.jp kagawa.jp ehime.jp kochi.jp fukuoka.jp saga.jp nagasaki.jp kumamoto.jp oita.jp miyazaki.jp kagoshima.jp okinawa.jp sapporo.jp sendai.jp yokohama.jp kawasaki.jp nagoya.jp kobe.jp kitakyushu.jp||complicated rules for geo-names: bug [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=252342#c31 252342]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ke KE]||B||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kg KG]||C||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kh KH]||B||per.kh com.kh edu.kh gov.kh mil.kh net.kh org.kh<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ki KI]||B?||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.km KM]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kn KN]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kr KR]||C||.kr .co.kr .or.kr others???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kw KW]||B||.com.kw .edu.kw .gov.kw .net.kw .org.kw .mil.kw<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ky KY]||C||.ky .edu.ky .gov.ky .com.ky .org.ky .net.ky<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kz KZ]||B||.org.kz .edu.kz .net.kz .gov.kz .mil.kz .com.kz<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.la LA]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lb LB]||B||net.lb org.lb gov.lb edu.lb com.lb<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lc LC]||B||com.lc org.lc edu.lc gov.lc<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.li LI]||C?||.li .com.li .net.li .org.li .gov.li (others?)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lk LK]||C||.lk .gov.lk .sch.lk .net.lk .int.lk .com.lk .org.lk .edu.lk .ngo.lk .soc.lk .web.lk .ltd.lk .assn.lk .grp.lk .hotel.lk<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lr LR]||B||.com.lr .edu.lr .gov.lr .org.lr .net.lr<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ls LS]||B||.org.ls .co.ls<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lt LT]||C||.lt .gov.lt .mil.lt others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lu LU]||C||.lu .gov.lu .mil.lu .org.lu .net.lu others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.lv LV]||C||.lv .com.lv .edu.lv .gov.lv .org.lv .mil.lv .id.lv .net.lv .asn.lv .conf.lv<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ly LY]||C||.ly .com.ly .net.ly .gov.ly .plc.ly .edu.ly .sch.ly .med.ly .org.ly .id.ly<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ma MA]||C||.ma .co.ma .net.ma .gov.ma .org.ma others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mc MC]||C||.mc .tm.mc .asso.mc<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.md MD]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mg MG]||C||.mg .org.mg .nom.mg .gov.mg .prd.mg .tm.mg .com.mg .edu.mg .mil.mg others!!!||I didn't find a full list, but there could be many as suggested on their NIC<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mh MH]||?|| ||.net.mh<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mil MIL]||C?||army.mil navy.mil ...<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mk MK]||C||.mk .com.mk .org.mk others? <br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ml ML]||B||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mm MM]||B?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mn MN]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mo MO]||C||.mo .com.mo .net.mo .org.mo .edu.mo .gov.mo<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mobi MOBI]||C||weather.mobi music.mobi ...<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mp MP]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mq MQ]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mr MR]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ms MS]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mt MT]||C||.mt .org.mt .com.mt .gov.mt .edu.mt .net.mt<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mu MU]||C||.mu .com.mu .co.mu others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.museum MUSEUM]||C<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mv MV]||B||.aero.mv .biz.mv .com.mv .coop.mv .edu.mv .gov.mv .info.mv .int.mv .mil.mv .museum.mv .name.mv .net.mv .org.mv .pro.mv<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mw MW]||B||ac.mw co.mw com.mw coop.mw edu.mw gov.mw int.mw museum.mw net.mw org.mw<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mx MX]||B||.com.mx .net.mx .org.mx .edu.mx .gob.mx<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.my MY]||B||.com.my .net.my .org.my .gov.my .edu.my .mil.my .name.my<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mz MZ]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.na NA]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.name NAME]||C|| ||Used to be B, but now has second level too. Complicated to work out which second level domains are allowed to set cookies and which are not.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nc NC]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ne NE]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.net NET]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nf NF]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ng NG]||B||.edu.ng .com.ng .gov.ng .org.ng .net.ng<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ni NI]||B?||.gob.ni .com.ni .edu.ni .org.ni .nom.ni .net.ni<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl NL]||C||.nl .000.nl/.999.nl ||personal domainames are 3th level behind a 3 digit numeric code like johnsmith.752.nl<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.no NO]||C||.no mil.no stat.no kommune.no herad.no priv.no vgs.no fhs.no museum.no fylkesbibl.no folkebibl.no idrett.no [geo].no gs.[county].no<br />
|| geographic names listed [http://www.norid.no/regelverk/vedlegg-b.en.html here] (includes normal and IDN versions)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.np NP]||B||com.np org.np edu.np net.np gov.np mil.np<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nr NR]||C||.nr .gov.nr .edu.nr .biz.nr .info.nr .nr org.nr .com.nr .net.nr||co.nr is not a official TLD, but acts like one<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nu NU]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nz NZ]||B||.ac.nz .co.nz .cri.nz .gen.nz .geek.nz .govt.nz .iwi.nz .maori.nz .mil.nz .net.nz .org.nz .school.nz<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.om OM]||B||com.om co.om edu.om ac.com sch.om gov.om net.om org.om mil.om museum.om biz.om pro.om med.om <br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.org ORG]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pa PA]||B||com.pa ac.pa sld.pa gob.pa edu.pa org.pa net.pa abo.pa ing.pa med.pa nom.pa<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pe PE]||B||com.pe org.pe net.pe edu.pe mil.pe gob.pe nom.pe<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pf PF]||C||.pf .com.pf .org.pf .edu.pf<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pg PG]||B||.com.pg .net.pg<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ph PH]||C||.ph .com.ph .gov.ph others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pk PK]||C||.pk .com.pk .net.pk .edu.pk .org.pk .fam.pk .biz.pk .web.pk .gov.pk .gob.pk .gok.pk .gon.pk .gop.pk .gos.pk<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pl PL]||C||.pl .com.pl .biz.pl .net.pl .art.pl .edu.pl .org.pl .ngo.pl .gov.pl .info.pl .mil.pl <br>Geographic: .waw.pl .warszawa.pl .wroc.pl .wroclaw.pl .krakow.pl .poznan.pl .lodz.pl .gda.pl .gdansk.pl .slupsk.pl .szczecin.pl .lublin.pl .bialystok.pl .olsztyn.pl.torun.pl [[TLD_List:.pl|and more...]]||[http://www.dns.pl/english/zonestats.html here] are more domains visible<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pm PM]|| || ||This TLD is unused.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pn PN]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pr PR]||C||.pr .biz.pr .com.pr .edu.pr .gov.pr .info.pr .isla.pr .name.pr .net.pr .org.pr .pro.pr<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pro PRO]||C||law.pro med.pro cpa.pro<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ps PS]||C||.ps .edu.ps .gov.ps .sec.ps .plo.ps .com.ps .org.ps .net.ps<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pt PT]||C||.pt .com.pt .edu.pt .gov.pt .int.pt .net.pt .nome.pt .org.pt .publ.pt<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pw PW]||B?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.py PY]||B||.net.py .org.py .gov.py .edu.py .com.py<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.qa QA]||B||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.re RE]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ro RO]||C||.ro .com.ro .org.ro .tm.ro .nt.ro .nom.ro .info.ro .rec.ro .arts.ro .firm.ro .store.ro .www.ro ||[http://www.siteuri.org here] are more details about Romanian domain names<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ru RU]||C||.ru .com.ru .net.ru .org.ru .pp.ru .msk.ru .int.ru .ac.ru others!!!<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.rw RW]||C||.rw .gov.rw .net.rw .edu.rw .ac.rw .com.rw .co.rw .int.rw .mil.rw .gouv.rw<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sa SA]||B||.com.sa .edu.sa .sch.sa .med.sa .gov.sa .net.sa .org.sa .pub.sa<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sb SB]||B||.com.sb .gov.sb .net.sb .edu.sb others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sc SC]||C||.sc .com.sc .gov.sc .net.sc .org.sc .edu.sc<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sd SD]||C||.sd .com.sd .net.sd .org.sd .edu.sd .med.sd .tv.sd .gov.sd .info.sd<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.se SE]||C||.se .org.se .pp.se .tm.se .brand.se .parti.se .press.se .komforb.se .kommunalforbund.se .komvux.se .lanarb.se .lanbib.se .naturbruksgymn.se .sshn.se .fhv.se .fhsk.se .fh.se .mil.se<br>Geographical: .ab.se .c.se .d.se .e.se .f.se .g.se .h.se .i.se .k.se .m.se .n.se .o.se .s.se .t.se .u.se .w.se .x.se .y.se .z.se .ac.se .bd.se<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sg SG]||C||.sg .com.sg .net.sg .org.sg .gov.sg .edu.sg .per.sg .idn.sg <br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sh SH]||C||???<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.si SI]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sj SJ]|| || || This TLD is unused.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sk SK]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sl SL]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sm SM]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sn SN]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.so SO]|| || || This TLD is unused.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sr SR]||A?|| ||.rs.sr is Republika Srpska<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.st ST]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.su SU]||A|| ||The future of this TLD is unclear.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sv SV]||B||.edu.sv .com.sv .gob.sv .org.sv .red.sv<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sy SY]||B?||.gov.sy .com.sy .net.sy others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sz SZ]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tc TC]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.td TD]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tf TF]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tg TG]||C?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.th TH]||B||.ac.th .co.th .in.th .go.th .mi.th .or.th .net.th <br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tj TJ]||C||.tj .ac.tj .biz.tj .com.tj .co.tj .edu.tj .int.tj .name.tj .net.tj .org.tj .web.tj .gov.tj .go.tj .mil.tj<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tk TK]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tl TL]|| || || This is the new TLD for Timor-Leste; see .tp for info<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tm TM]||C?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tn TN]||B||.com.tn .intl.tn .gov.tn .org.tn .ind.tn .nat.tn .tourism.tn .info.tn .ens.tn .fin.tn .net.tn<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.to TO]||C||.to .gov.to others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tp TP]||C||.tp .gov.tp others?|| Should become unused, replaced with .tl<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tr TR]||D||.com.tr .info.tr .biz.tr .net.tr .org.tr .web.tr .gen.tr .av.tr .dr.tr .bbs.tr .name.tr .tel.tr .gov.tr .bel.tr .pol.tr .mil.tr .k12.tr .edu.tr||.bel.tr is used for geographical names<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.travel TRAVEL]||A|| ||third levels seem to be explicitly forbidden<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tt TT]||C||.tt .co.tt .com.tt .org.tt .net.tt .biz.tt .info.tt .pro.tt .name.tt .edu.tt .gov.tt||us.tt is not an official 2nd-level domain, but acts as one<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tv TV]||C||.tv .gov.tv others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tw TW]||C||.tw .edu.tw .gov.tw .mil.tw .com.tw .net.tw .org.tw .idv.tw .game.tw .ebiz.tw .club.tw 網路.tw 組織.tw 商業.tw||there are 3 IDN domains in this list !<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tz TZ]||B||.co.tz .ac.tz .go.tz .or.tz .ne.tz<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ua UA]||C||.ua .com.ua .gov.ua .net.ua .edu.ua .org.ua<br>Geographical names: .cherkassy.ua .ck.ua .chernigov.ua .cn.ua .chernovtsy.ua .cv.ua .crimea.ua .dnepropetrovsk.ua .dp.ua .donetsk.ua .dn.ua .ivano-frankivsk.ua .if.ua .kharkov.ua .kh.ua .kherson.ua .ks.ua .khmelnitskiy.ua .km.ua .kiev.ua .kv.ua .kirovograd.ua .kr.ua .lugansk.ua .lg.ua .lutsk.ua .lviv.ua .nikolaev.ua .mk.ua .odessa.ua .od.ua .poltava.ua .pl.ua .rovno.ua .rv.ua .sebastopol.ua .sumy.ua .ternopil.ua .te.ua .uzhgorod.ua .vinnica.ua .vn.ua .zaporizhzhe.ua .zp.ua .zhitomir.ua .zt.ua<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ug UG]||C||.ug .co.ug .ac.ug .sc.ug .go.ug .ne.ug .or.ug<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk UK]||B||<br />
.ac.uk .co.uk .gov.uk .ltd.uk .me.uk .mil.uk .mod.uk .net.uk .nic.uk .nhs.uk .org.uk .plc.uk .police.uk .sch.uk||exceptions:<br />
.bl.uk .british-library.uk .icnet.uk .jet.uk .nel.uk .nls.uk .national-library-scotland.uk .parliament.uk<br>.sch.uk uses 4th level domains<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.um UM]||C?|| ||unused<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.us US]||C||.us .ak.us .al.us .ar.us .az.us .ca.us .co.us .ct.us .dc.us .de.us .dni.us .fed.us .fl.us .ga.us .hi.us .ia.us .id.us .il.us .in.us .isa.us .kids.us .ks.us .ky.us .la.us .ma.us .md.us .me.us .mi.us .mn.us .mo.us .ms.us .mt.us .nc.us .nd.us .ne.us .nh.us .nj.us .nm.us .nsn.us .nv.us .ny.us .oh.us .ok.us .or.us .pa.us .ri.us .sc.us .sd.us .tn.us .tx.us .ut.us .vt.us .va.us .wa.us .wi.us .wv.us .wy.us|| there are still some 4th level domain within the geographical ones (localities, k12, pvt.k12, cc, tec, lib, state, gen)<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uy UY]||B||.edu.uy .gub.uy .org.uy .com.uy .net.uy .mil.uy<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uz UZ]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.va VA]||B||vatican.va<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vc VC]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ve VE]||B||.com.ve .net.ve .org.ve .info.ve .co.ve .web.ve<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vg VG]||?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vi VI]||C||.vi .com.vi .org.vi .edu.vi .gov.vi<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vn VN]||C||.vn .com.vn .net.vn .org.vn .edu.vn .gov.vn .int.vn .ac.vn .biz.vn .info.vn .name.vn .pro.vn .health.vn<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vu VU]||A?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.wf WF]|| || ||This TLD is unused.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ws WS]||A<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ye YE]||B?||.com.ye .net.ye others?<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.yt YT]|| || ||This TLD is unused.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.yu YU]||B||.ac.yu .co.yu .org.yu .edu.yu||The future of this TLD is unclear.<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.za ZA]||B||.ac.za .city.za .co.za .edu.za .gov.za .law.za .mil.za .nom.za .org.za .school.za .alt.za .net.za .ngo.za .tm.za .web.za|| [http://www.zadna.org.za/slds.html list of sld's]<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.zm ZM]||B||.co.zm .org.zm .gov.zm .sch.zm .ac.zm<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.zw ZW]||B||.co.zw .org.zw .gov.zw .ac.zw<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== TLDs not in the root DNS ==<br />
These are top-level domains that are not currently in the root DNS, and therefore have no domain names registered under them. However, some of them are currently in the ICANN approval process and may soon be added to the root DNS, therefore they are noted here so that the list above can be kept up-to-date.<br />
{| style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;<br />
|-<br />
!align=left|TLD!!Comments<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.asia ASIA]||For Asian websites<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eh EH]||Western Sahara<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.kp KP]||North Korea<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.me ME]||Montenegro<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.rs RS]||Republic of Serbia<br />
|- valign=top<br />
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tel TEL]||For telecommunications-related websites and services (overlaps with .mobi)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains<br />
* http://www.neuhaus.com/domaincheck/domain_list.htm<br />
* http://www.tld-resource.com/tldinfo.php for an awesome index of information regarding TLD extensions<br />
<br />
== Comments ==<br />
I'll start converting this list to the syntax defined in bug [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=331510 331510], but I won't have time before the end of July<br />
--[[User:Jhermans|Jhermans]] 16:36, 10 June 2006 (PDT)<br />
<br />
Over the next few months, I will start to update some of the details using information from the appropriate registries since I am helping out with the effective TLD list with a couple of other people. I have already added the .ax TLD and removed the .post one, which has not been approved and is not in the root DNS.<br />
--[[User:Rubena|Rubena]] 15:37, 10 February 2007 (GMT)</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List/Use_Cases&diff=1235575Public Suffix List/Use Cases2021-05-17T15:42:16Z<p>Jothan: Directing to more openly updated resources for PSL at GitHub Repo</p>
<hr />
<div>(Note: this Mozilla wiki page has not been updated in 10 years, and the [https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/pulls PSL maintenence] and wiki/etc has migrated to GitHub, where there is a [https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/wiki wiki] and other documentation that are better resources for those curious about the PSL) <br />
<br />
The [[Public_Suffix_List|PSL]] is being used for more things than was originally intended, and various edge cases, which need to be "in" for one use but "out" for another, are causing people difficulty. This page attempts to gather those potential use cases and help us make a decision on which ones to support, and how.<br />
<br />
The current definition according to publicsuffix.org is: 'A "public suffix" is one under which Internet users can directly register names.'<br />
<br />
{| border=1<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Description<br />
! Question<br />
! In List<br />
! Not In List<br />
! Doesn't Matter<br />
|-<br />
| Cookie-Setting<br />
| Deciding whether a cookie should be allowed to be set for a suffix of a given domain<br />
| Are this domain and its suffix controlled by the same entity?<br />
| com, appspot.com, co.uk<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 'Responsible Domain' Highlighting/Browser History Sorting<br />
| Deciding which parts of a domain to highlight or sort on in a UI - "Public Suffix + 1"<br />
| Are this domain and its suffix controlled by the same entity?<br />
| com, appspot.com, co.uk<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| Navigability<br />
| Deciding whether a browser should attempt to navigate to a given URL without consulting DNS<br />
| Is there (likely to be) an A record for this domain?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| SSL Wildcards<br />
| Deciding whether to issue or accept an SSL wildcard certificate for *.public.suffix.<br />
| Are the servers of this domain and its suffix operated by the same entity?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| TLD Validation in programming languages<br />
| Numerous programming languages use the PSL to validate form entries or logic determining validity of TLDs where PSL is used to validate the rightmost apex of TLD. <br />
| In this form value someone just submitted for the URL of their API, was the TLD valid?<br />
| com, co.uk <br />
| <br />
| appspot.com<br />
|-<br />
| Anti-Spam<br />
| The rightmost apex of TLDs is reviewed for validity on return/sender addresses as a basic check, using match in PSL as initial pass/fail to reduce processing time. <br />
| Should I quickly drop this email FROM: perp@scam.you if .you isn't in the list of TLDs?<br />
| com, co.uk <br />
| <br />
| appspot.com<br />
|- <br />
| Whois or other TLD related client software<br />
| Use of PSL to track delta/changes/additions to list of possible TLD extensions for purposes of determining whois servers for distributed clients. <br />
| What changed in the last version of the PSL, so I know what needs to get attention specifically?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[pkasting] Three questions:<br />
* I don't know whether the cookie "question" is precisely correct. Are there situations where one organization should be able to read/write another organization's cookies? For example, should a page on appspot.com be able to read a page on foo.appspot.com?<br />
* I don't think I understand the "history sorting" case completely. What are some concrete examples of this? In an ideal world, would this distinguish between subdomains which are conceptually "different sites" from the parent domain (e.g. mail.google.com versus google.com) and those which are not?<br />
* We should probably consider hypothetical future cases involving ICANN's new "sell anyone their own TLD" policy, like whether we need to do anything special if someone buys a TLD and tries to make it directly navigable via an A record. (Is there some organization which has the authority to approve or reject such actions?) [Jothan] Will track this</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List&diff=1232332Public Suffix List2020-11-19T22:18:29Z<p>Jothan: /* Outreach to Registries */ added two tech day presentations to TLDs (gTLD, ccTLD) and the OCTO 11 document from ICANN as well as SAC70 from the ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee</p>
<hr />
<div>The Public Suffix List (PSL) is an attempt to build a database of ''Top-Level Domains'' (TLDs) including the respective registry's policies on domain registrations at different levels.<br />
<br />
While the Public Suffix List has no opinion on alternative root systems, the list recognizes as authoritative and complies with [http://www.icann.org/en/about/unique-authoritative-root ICP-3: A Unique, Authoritative Root for the DNS] (ICANN, September 2001), allowing TLDs under the ICANN Root as well as inclusive sub-domain entries, and cookie apexes that comply with ICP-3 in a non-discriminatory manner. <br />
<br />
Entries addition/updates/deletions are put through a loose process of vetting, curation, and validation by the community volunteers who help maintain the list.<br />
<br />
== Purpose(s) ==<br />
Previously, browsers used an algorithm which basically only denied setting wide-ranging cookies for top-level domains with no dots (e.g. com or org). However, this did not work for top-level domains where only third-level registrations are allowed (e.g. co.uk). In these cases, websites could set a cookie for co.uk which will be passed onto every website registered under co.uk.<br />
<br />
Clearly, this was a security risk as it allowed websites other than the one setting the cookie to read it, and therefore potentially extract sensitive information.<br />
<br />
Since there is no algorithmic method of finding the highest level at which a domain may be registered for a particular top-level domain (the policies differ with each registry), the only method is to create a list of all top-level domains and the level at which domains can be registered. This is the aim of the effective TLD list.<br />
<br />
As well as being used to prevent cookies from being set where they shouldn't be, the list can also potentially be used for other applications where the registry controlled and privately controlled parts of a domain name need to be known, for example when grouping by top-level domains.<br />
<br />
== Website ==<br />
<br />
The website for the Public Suffix List is at [http://publicsuffix.org/ http://publicsuffix.org/].<br />
Updates and maintainence is conducted on GitHub at the following URL: [https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/ https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/]<br />
<br />
== Registries ==<br />
<br />
Maintaining an up-to-date list of all top-level domains and policies is clearly a vast task, and therefore each registry has been asked to maintain their own section of the database and email any changes to the effective TLD list maintenance team, who will then merge it with the master database.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Outreach to Registries ===<br />
Some outreach has been performed to help expand the awareness of the Public Suffix List within the ICANN Community - to bridge the divide between registries and the PSL community. Here are some presentations that have been made to the ccTLD community and to gTLDs at ICANN meetings since 2011.<br />
* ccTLD Tech Day, June 2011 - ICANN #41, Singapore [http://ccnso.icann.org/ar/node/25139]<br />
* ccTLD Tech Day, November 2013 - ICANN #48, Buenos Aires, Argentina [http://buenosaires48.icann.org/en/schedule/mon-tech/presentation-psl-18nov13-en]<br />
* Tech Day, March 2017 - ICANN #58, Copenhagen, Denmark <br />
* Tech Day, March 2019 - ICANN #64, Kobe, Japan <br />
<br />
=== ICANN Reviews ===<br />
====The ICANN Office of the CTO (OCTO)==== <br />
Members of the OCTO collaborated with the PSL Volunteers to make a document available <br />
that helps inform Registries on the process of reviewing and maintaining their PSL entries.<br />
* OCTO 11 [[user:PaulHoffman]]: "The Public Suffix List: A Guide for TLD Administrators" [https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/octo-011-18may20-en.pdf]<br />
<br />
==== ICANN Security and Stability Advisory Committee (SSAC) ====<br />
ICANN has a Security and Stability Advisory Committee [https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/ssac-role-2018-02-06-en], with the role of advising the ICANN community and Board on matters relating to the security and integrity of the Internet's naming and address allocation systems.<br />
<br />
They created a working group which convened 2014-2015 to review the use of Public Suffix Lists, and how to impliment them within software, in security, and in language libraries and other systems. This ultimately resulted in '''SAC070''', an advisory on the use of Public Suffix Lists.<br />
<br />
Although it is slightly dated and not current and entirely applicable to the Mozilla PSL, it does contain good practices and advise. Please familiarize yourself with their findings and consider them in your use of these lists. The review included [[User:Jothan|u:jothan]] and [[User:Gerv]]<br />
<br />
* SAC070 (In Japanese / 日本語) [https://www.icann.org/ja/system/files/files/sac-070-ja.pdf] <br />
* SAC070 (In English) [https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/sac-070-en.pdf]<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
* [http://publicsuffix.org/ The Public Suffix List]<br />
* [http://www.icann.org/en/about/unique-authoritative-root ICP-3: A Unique, Authoritative Root for the DNS]<br />
<br />
=== TLD Lists ===<br />
<br />
* [http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/netwerk/dns/effective_tld_names.dat?raw=1 Current Effective TLD List] (use [http://publicsuffix.org/ http://publicsuffix.org/] instead)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet top-level domains]<br />
* [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]<br />
<br />
=== Mozilla Bug Reports ===<br />
<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9422 Bug 9422 - Unsafe handling of illegal cookie domain attributes]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=252342 Bug 252342 - fix cookie domain checks to not allow .co.uk]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=342314 Bug 342314 - Need effective-TLD file]<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
<br />
* [http://wiki.mozilla.org/Gecko:Effective_TLD_Service Gecko: Effective TLD Service - MozillaWiki]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2006/10/dns_structure.html Hacking for Christ: DNS Structure]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2007/01/effective_tld_list_help_wanted.html Hacking for Christ: "Effective TLD" List: Help Wanted]<br />
* [https://vivaldi.net/blogs/entry/how-to-make-sure-the-cookies-don-t-burn-your-fingers How to make sure the cookies don't burn your fingers? - Implementer's notes - by Yngve Nysaeter Pettersen]</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List&diff=1232331Public Suffix List2020-11-19T22:02:20Z<p>Jothan: /* Website */ Added link to the PSL Github repo</p>
<hr />
<div>The Public Suffix List (PSL) is an attempt to build a database of ''Top-Level Domains'' (TLDs) including the respective registry's policies on domain registrations at different levels.<br />
<br />
While the Public Suffix List has no opinion on alternative root systems, the list recognizes as authoritative and complies with [http://www.icann.org/en/about/unique-authoritative-root ICP-3: A Unique, Authoritative Root for the DNS] (ICANN, September 2001), allowing TLDs under the ICANN Root as well as inclusive sub-domain entries, and cookie apexes that comply with ICP-3 in a non-discriminatory manner. <br />
<br />
Entries addition/updates/deletions are put through a loose process of vetting, curation, and validation by the community volunteers who help maintain the list.<br />
<br />
== Purpose(s) ==<br />
Previously, browsers used an algorithm which basically only denied setting wide-ranging cookies for top-level domains with no dots (e.g. com or org). However, this did not work for top-level domains where only third-level registrations are allowed (e.g. co.uk). In these cases, websites could set a cookie for co.uk which will be passed onto every website registered under co.uk.<br />
<br />
Clearly, this was a security risk as it allowed websites other than the one setting the cookie to read it, and therefore potentially extract sensitive information.<br />
<br />
Since there is no algorithmic method of finding the highest level at which a domain may be registered for a particular top-level domain (the policies differ with each registry), the only method is to create a list of all top-level domains and the level at which domains can be registered. This is the aim of the effective TLD list.<br />
<br />
As well as being used to prevent cookies from being set where they shouldn't be, the list can also potentially be used for other applications where the registry controlled and privately controlled parts of a domain name need to be known, for example when grouping by top-level domains.<br />
<br />
== Website ==<br />
<br />
The website for the Public Suffix List is at [http://publicsuffix.org/ http://publicsuffix.org/].<br />
Updates and maintainence is conducted on GitHub at the following URL: [https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/ https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/]<br />
<br />
== Registries ==<br />
<br />
Maintaining an up-to-date list of all top-level domains and policies is clearly a vast task, and therefore each registry has been asked to maintain their own section of the database and email any changes to the effective TLD list maintenance team, who will then merge it with the master database.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Outreach to Registries ===<br />
Some outreach has been performed to help expand the awareness of the Public Suffix List within the ICANN Community - to bridge the divide between registries and the PSL community. Here are some presentations that have been made to the ccTLD community and to gTLDs at ICANN meetings since 2011.<br />
* ccTLD Tech Day, June 2011 - ICANN #41, Singapore [http://ccnso.icann.org/ar/node/25139]<br />
* ccTLD Tech Day, November 2013 - ICANN #48, Buenos Aires, Argentina [http://buenosaires48.icann.org/en/schedule/mon-tech/presentation-psl-18nov13-en]<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
* [http://publicsuffix.org/ The Public Suffix List]<br />
* [http://www.icann.org/en/about/unique-authoritative-root ICP-3: A Unique, Authoritative Root for the DNS]<br />
<br />
=== TLD Lists ===<br />
<br />
* [http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/netwerk/dns/effective_tld_names.dat?raw=1 Current Effective TLD List] (use [http://publicsuffix.org/ http://publicsuffix.org/] instead)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet top-level domains]<br />
* [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]<br />
<br />
=== Mozilla Bug Reports ===<br />
<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9422 Bug 9422 - Unsafe handling of illegal cookie domain attributes]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=252342 Bug 252342 - fix cookie domain checks to not allow .co.uk]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=342314 Bug 342314 - Need effective-TLD file]<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
<br />
* [http://wiki.mozilla.org/Gecko:Effective_TLD_Service Gecko: Effective TLD Service - MozillaWiki]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2006/10/dns_structure.html Hacking for Christ: DNS Structure]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2007/01/effective_tld_list_help_wanted.html Hacking for Christ: "Effective TLD" List: Help Wanted]<br />
* [https://vivaldi.net/blogs/entry/how-to-make-sure-the-cookies-don-t-burn-your-fingers How to make sure the cookies don't burn your fingers? - Implementer's notes - by Yngve Nysaeter Pettersen]</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=User:Jothan&diff=1232330User:Jothan2020-11-19T22:00:06Z<p>Jothan: Added Github listing for PSL and profile</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Jothan Frakes'''<br />
<br />
Mozillian community Volunteer helping to manage the Public Suffix List (PSL): [http://publicsuffix.org publicsuffix.org]<br />
<br />
PSL on github: [https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/ https://github.com/publicsuffix/list/]<br />
<br />
co-founder: Of the NamesCon Conference [https://namescon.com/ https://namescon.com/]<br />
<br />
jothan <strike>AT</strike> gmail.com <br />
<br />
linkedin: [http://www.linkedin.com/in/jothanfrakes www.linkedin.com/in/jothanfrakes]<br />
<br />
github: dnsguru [https://github.com/dnsguru https://github.com/dnsguru]</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Gecko:Effective_TLD_Service&diff=1215575Gecko:Effective TLD Service2019-07-26T00:55:26Z<p>Jothan: /* Links */ Removed spammy link from abandoned domain name and pointed at current resource link</p>
<hr />
<div>[http://www.publicsuffix.org/ publicsuffix.org] is the home of the Public Suffix List, and has the most up-to-date documentation on the list format and usage.<br />
<br />
== Interface ==<br />
<br />
See [http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/netwerk/dns/nsEffectiveTLDService.cpp nsEffectiveTLDService.cpp].<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://publicsuffix.org/learn/ Registered Domain Libraries] - Libraries in C, PHP, Perl, Ruby, Go, Python and other languages, as well as other documented known use-cases that rely on the effective TLD list to calculate registered domain names</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List&diff=922946Public Suffix List2014-02-10T18:25:08Z<p>Jothan: Added ICP-3 and some additional curation of links</p>
<hr />
<div>The Public Suffix List (PSL) is an attempt to build a database of ''Top-Level Domains'' (TLDs) including the respective registry's policies on domain registrations at different levels.<br />
<br />
While the Public Suffix List has no opinion on alternative root systems, the list recognizes as authoritative and complies with [http://www.icann.org/en/about/unique-authoritative-root ICP-3: A Unique, Authoritative Root for the DNS] (ICANN, September 2001), allowing TLDs under the ICANN Root as well as inclusive sub-domain entries, and cookie apexes that comply with ICP-3 in a non-discriminatory manner. <br />
<br />
Entries addition/updates/deletions are put through a loose process of vetting, curation, and validation by the community volunteers who help maintain the list.<br />
<br />
== Purpose(s) ==<br />
Previously, browsers used an algorithm which basically only denied setting wide-ranging cookies for top-level domains with no dots (e.g. com or org). However, this did not work for top-level domains where only third-level registrations are allowed (e.g. co.uk). In these cases, websites could set a cookie for co.uk which will be passed onto every website registered under co.uk.<br />
<br />
Clearly, this was a security risk as it allowed websites other than the one setting the cookie to read it, and therefore potentially extract sensitive information.<br />
<br />
Since there is no algorithmic method of finding the highest level at which a domain may be registered for a particular top-level domain (the policies differ with each registry), the only method is to create a list of all top-level domains and the level at which domains can be registered. This is the aim of the effective TLD list.<br />
<br />
As well as being used to prevent cookies from being set where they shouldn't be, the list can also potentially be used for other applications where the registry controlled and privately controlled parts of a domain name need to be known, for example when grouping by top-level domains.<br />
<br />
== Website ==<br />
<br />
The website for the Public Suffix List is at [http://publicsuffix.org/ http://publicsuffix.org/].<br />
<br />
== Registries ==<br />
<br />
Maintaining an up-to-date list of all top-level domains and policies is clearly a vast task, and therefore each registry has been asked to maintain their own section of the database and email any changes to the effective TLD list maintenance team, who will then merge it with the master database.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== Outreach to Registries ===<br />
Some outreach has been performed to help expand the awareness of the Public Suffix List within the ICANN Community - to bridge the divide between registries and the PSL community. Here are some presentations that have been made to the ccTLD community and to gTLDs at ICANN meetings since 2011.<br />
* ccTLD Tech Day, June 2011 - ICANN #41, Singapore [http://ccnso.icann.org/ar/node/25139]<br />
* ccTLD Tech Day, November 2013 - ICANN #48, Buenos Aires, Argentina [http://buenosaires48.icann.org/en/schedule/mon-tech/presentation-psl-18nov13-en]<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
* [http://publicsuffix.org/ The Public Suffix List]<br />
* [http://www.icann.org/en/about/unique-authoritative-root ICP-3: A Unique, Authoritative Root for the DNS]<br />
<br />
=== TLD Lists ===<br />
<br />
* [http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/netwerk/dns/effective_tld_names.dat?raw=1 Current Effective TLD List] (use [http://publicsuffix.org/ http://publicsuffix.org/] instead)<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet top-level domains]<br />
* [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]<br />
<br />
=== Mozilla Bug Reports ===<br />
<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9422 Bug 9422 - Unsafe handling of illegal cookie domain attributes]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=252342 Bug 252342 - fix cookie domain checks to not allow .co.uk]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=342314 Bug 342314 - Need effective-TLD file]<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
<br />
* [http://wiki.mozilla.org/Gecko:Effective_TLD_Service Gecko: Effective TLD Service - MozillaWiki]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2006/10/dns_structure.html Hacking for Christ: DNS Structure]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2007/01/effective_tld_list_help_wanted.html Hacking for Christ: "Effective TLD" List: Help Wanted]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/yngve/blog/show.dml/267415 How to make sure the cookies don't burn your fingers? - Implementer's notes - by Yngve Nysaeter Pettersen]</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List&diff=916643Public Suffix List2014-02-05T06:04:24Z<p>Jothan: /* Outreach to Registries */ fix bullets wiki shortcode</p>
<hr />
<div>The public suffix list is an attempt to build a database of top-level domains and their respective registry's policies on domain registrations at different levels.<br />
<br />
Previously, browsers used an algorithm which basically only denied setting wide-ranging cookies for top-level domains with no dots (e.g. com or org). However, this did not work for top-level domains where only third-level registrations are allowed (e.g. co.uk). In these cases, websites could set a cookie for co.uk which will be passed onto every website registered under co.uk.<br />
<br />
Clearly, this was a security risk as it allowed websites other than the one setting the cookie to read it, and therefore potentially extract sensitive information.<br />
<br />
Since there is no algorithmic method of finding the highest level at which a domain may be registered for a particular top-level domain (the policies differ with each registry), the only method is to create a list of all top-level domains and the level at which domains can be registered. This is the aim of the effective TLD list.<br />
<br />
As well as being used to prevent cookies from being set where they shouldn't be, the list can also potentially be used for other applications where the registry controlled and privately controlled parts of a domain name need to be known, for example when grouping by top-level domains.<br />
<br />
== Website ==<br />
<br />
The website for the Public Suffix List is at http://publicsuffix.org/.<br />
<br />
== Registries ==<br />
<br />
Maintaining an up-to-date list of all top-level domains and policies is clearly a vast task, and therefore each registry has been asked to maintain their own section of the database and email any changes to the effective TLD list maintenance team, who will then merge it with the master database.<br />
<br />
=== Outreach to Registries ===<br />
Some outreach has been performed to help expand the awareness of the Public Suffix List within the ICANN Community - to bridge the divide between registries and the PSL community. Here are some presentations that have been made to the ccTLD community and to gTLDs at ICANN meetings since 2011.<br />
* ccTLD Tech Day, June 2011 - ICANN #41, Singapore [http://ccnso.icann.org/ar/node/25139]<br />
* ccTLD Tech Day, November 2013 - ICANN #48, Buenos Aires, Argentina [http://buenosaires48.icann.org/en/schedule/mon-tech/presentation-psl-18nov13-en]<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
=== TLD Lists ===<br />
<br />
* [http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/netwerk/dns/effective_tld_names.dat?raw=1 Current Effective TLD List]<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet top-level domains]<br />
* [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]<br />
<br />
=== Mozilla Bug Reports ===<br />
<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9422 Bug 9422 - Unsafe handling of illegal cookie domain attributes]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=252342 Bug 252342 - fix cookie domain checks to not allow .co.uk]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=342314 Bug 342314 - Need effective-TLD file]<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
<br />
* [http://wiki.mozilla.org/Gecko:Effective_TLD_Service Gecko: Effective TLD Service - MozillaWiki]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2006/10/dns_structure.html Hacking for Christ: DNS Structure]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2007/01/effective_tld_list_help_wanted.html Hacking for Christ: "Effective TLD" List: Help Wanted]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/yngve/blog/show.dml/267415 How to make sure the cookies don't burn your fingers? - Implementer's notes - by Yngve Nysaeter Pettersen]</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List&diff=916642Public Suffix List2014-02-05T06:03:32Z<p>Jothan: /* Registries */ added some links to presentations I have made to the ccTLD and ICANN communities</p>
<hr />
<div>The public suffix list is an attempt to build a database of top-level domains and their respective registry's policies on domain registrations at different levels.<br />
<br />
Previously, browsers used an algorithm which basically only denied setting wide-ranging cookies for top-level domains with no dots (e.g. com or org). However, this did not work for top-level domains where only third-level registrations are allowed (e.g. co.uk). In these cases, websites could set a cookie for co.uk which will be passed onto every website registered under co.uk.<br />
<br />
Clearly, this was a security risk as it allowed websites other than the one setting the cookie to read it, and therefore potentially extract sensitive information.<br />
<br />
Since there is no algorithmic method of finding the highest level at which a domain may be registered for a particular top-level domain (the policies differ with each registry), the only method is to create a list of all top-level domains and the level at which domains can be registered. This is the aim of the effective TLD list.<br />
<br />
As well as being used to prevent cookies from being set where they shouldn't be, the list can also potentially be used for other applications where the registry controlled and privately controlled parts of a domain name need to be known, for example when grouping by top-level domains.<br />
<br />
== Website ==<br />
<br />
The website for the Public Suffix List is at http://publicsuffix.org/.<br />
<br />
== Registries ==<br />
<br />
Maintaining an up-to-date list of all top-level domains and policies is clearly a vast task, and therefore each registry has been asked to maintain their own section of the database and email any changes to the effective TLD list maintenance team, who will then merge it with the master database.<br />
<br />
=== Outreach to Registries ===<br />
Some outreach has been performed to help expand the awareness of the Public Suffix List within the ICANN Community - to bridge the divide between registries and the PSL community. Here are some presentations that have been made to the ccTLD community and to gTLDs at ICANN meetings since 2011.<br />
+ ccTLD Tech Day, June 2011 - ICANN #41, Singapore [http://ccnso.icann.org/ar/node/25139]<br />
+ ccTLD Tech Day, November 2013 - ICANN #48, Buenos Aires, Argentina [http://buenosaires48.icann.org/en/schedule/mon-tech/presentation-psl-18nov13-en]<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
=== TLD Lists ===<br />
<br />
* [http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/netwerk/dns/effective_tld_names.dat?raw=1 Current Effective TLD List]<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet top-level domains]<br />
* [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]<br />
<br />
=== Mozilla Bug Reports ===<br />
<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9422 Bug 9422 - Unsafe handling of illegal cookie domain attributes]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=252342 Bug 252342 - fix cookie domain checks to not allow .co.uk]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=342314 Bug 342314 - Need effective-TLD file]<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
<br />
* [http://wiki.mozilla.org/Gecko:Effective_TLD_Service Gecko: Effective TLD Service - MozillaWiki]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2006/10/dns_structure.html Hacking for Christ: DNS Structure]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2007/01/effective_tld_list_help_wanted.html Hacking for Christ: "Effective TLD" List: Help Wanted]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/yngve/blog/show.dml/267415 How to make sure the cookies don't burn your fingers? - Implementer's notes - by Yngve Nysaeter Pettersen]</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List/Use_Cases&diff=370860Public Suffix List/Use Cases2011-11-17T23:56:22Z<p>Jothan: Added some color to three use cases ~~~~</p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Public_Suffix_List|PSL]] is being used for more things than was originally intended, and various edge cases, which need to be "in" for one use but "out" for another, are causing people difficulty. This page attempts to gather those potential use cases and help us make a decision on which ones to support, and how.<br />
<br />
The current definition according to publicsuffix.org is: 'A "public suffix" is one under which Internet users can directly register names.'<br />
<br />
{| border=1<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Description<br />
! Question<br />
! In List<br />
! Not In List<br />
|-<br />
| Cookie-Setting<br />
| Deciding whether a cookie should be allowed to be set for a suffix of a given domain<br />
| Are this domain and its suffix controlled by the same entity?<br />
| com, appspot.com, co.uk<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 'Responsible Domain' Highlighting/Browser History Sorting<br />
| Deciding which parts of a domain to highlight or sort on in a UI - "Public Suffix + 1"<br />
| Are this domain and its suffix controlled by the same entity?<br />
| com, appspot.com, co.uk<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Navigability<br />
| Deciding whether a browser should attempt to navigate to a given URL without consulting DNS<br />
| Is there (likely to be) an A record for this domain?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|-<br />
| SSL Wildcards<br />
| Deciding whether to issue or accept an SSL wildcard certificate for *.public.suffix.<br />
| Are the servers of this domain and its suffix operated by the same entity?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|-<br />
| TLD Validation in programming languages<br />
| Numerous programming languages use the PSL to validate form entries or logic determining validity of TLDs where PSL is used to validate the rightmost apex of TLD. <br />
| In this form value someone just submitted for the URL of their API, was the TLD valid?<br />
| com, co.uk, appspot.com<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Anti-Spam<br />
| The rightmost apex of TLDs is reviewed for validity on return/sender addresses as a basic check, using match in PSL as initial pass/fail to reduce processing time. <br />
| Should I quickly drop this email FROM: perp@scam.you if .you isn't in the list of TLDs?<br />
| con, co.uk, appspot.com<br />
| <br />
|- <br />
| Whois or other TLD related client software<br />
| Use of PSL to track delta/changes/additions to list of possible TLD extensions for purposes of determining whois servers for distributed clients. <br />
| What changed in the last version of the PSL, so I know what needs to get attention specifically?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[pkasting] Three questions:<br />
* I don't know whether the cookie "question" is precisely correct. Are there situations where one organization should be able to read/write another organization's cookies? For example, should a page on appspot.com be able to read a page on foo.appspot.com?<br />
* I don't think I understand the "history sorting" case completely. What are some concrete examples of this? In an ideal world, would this distinguish between subdomains which are conceptually "different sites" from the parent domain (e.g. mail.google.com versus google.com) and those which are not?<br />
* We should probably consider hypothetical future cases involving ICANN's new "sell anyone their own TLD" policy, like whether we need to do anything special if someone buys a TLD and tries to make it directly navigable via an A record. (Is there some organization which has the authority to approve or reject such actions?) [Jothan] Will track this</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List&diff=370442Public Suffix List2011-11-17T00:42:04Z<p>Jothan: /* TLD Lists */ added IANA database link so people can look up apex at authority ~~~~</p>
<hr />
<div>The public suffix list is an attempt to build a database of top-level domains and their respective registry's policies on domain registrations at different levels.<br />
<br />
Previously, browsers used an algorithm which basically only denied setting wide-ranging cookies for top-level domains with no dots (e.g. com or org). However, this did not work for top-level domains where only third-level registrations are allowed (e.g. co.uk). In these cases, websites could set a cookie for co.uk which will be passed onto every website registered under co.uk.<br />
<br />
Clearly, this was a security risk as it allowed websites other than the one setting the cookie to read it, and therefore potentially extract sensitive information.<br />
<br />
Since there is no algorithmic method of finding the highest level at which a domain may be registered for a particular top-level domain (the policies differ with each registry), the only method is to create a list of all top-level domains and the level at which domains can be registered. This is the aim of the effective TLD list.<br />
<br />
As well as being used to prevent cookies from being set where they shouldn't be, the list can also potentially be used for other applications where the registry controlled and privately controlled parts of a domain name need to be known, for example when grouping by top-level domains.<br />
<br />
== Website ==<br />
<br />
The website for the Public Suffix List is at http://publicsuffix.org/.<br />
<br />
== Registries ==<br />
<br />
Maintaining an up-to-date list of all top-level domains and policies is clearly a vast task, and therefore each registry has been asked to maintain their own section of the database and email any changes to the effective TLD list maintenance team, who will then merge it with the master database.<br />
<br />
== Links ==<br />
<br />
=== TLD Lists ===<br />
<br />
* [http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/netwerk/dns/src/effective_tld_names.dat?raw=1 Current Effective TLD List]<br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains Wikipedia: List of Internet top-level domains]<br />
* [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ IANA Root Zone Database]<br />
<br />
=== Mozilla Bug Reports ===<br />
<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=9422 Bug 9422 - Unsafe handling of illegal cookie domain attributes]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=252342 Bug 252342 - fix cookie domain checks to not allow .co.uk]<br />
* [https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=342314 Bug 342314 - Need effective-TLD file]<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
<br />
* [http://wiki.mozilla.org/Gecko:Effective_TLD_Service Gecko: Effective TLD Service - MozillaWiki]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2006/10/dns_structure.html Hacking for Christ: DNS Structure]<br />
* [http://weblogs.mozillazine.org/gerv/archives/2007/01/effective_tld_list_help_wanted.html Hacking for Christ: "Effective TLD" List: Help Wanted]<br />
* [http://my.opera.com/yngve/blog/show.dml/267415 How to make sure the cookies don't burn your fingers? - Implementer's notes - by Yngve Nysaeter Pettersen]</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=User:Jothan&diff=370433User:Jothan2011-11-17T00:29:15Z<p>Jothan: Initial simple user page</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Jothan Frakes'''<br />
<br />
Volunteer helping manage the Public Suffix List: [http://publicsuffix.org publicsuffix.org] <br />
<br />
jothan <strike>AT</strike> gmail.com <br />
<br />
linkedin: [http://www.linkedin.com/in/jothanfrakes www.linkedin.com/in/jothanfrakes]</div>Jothanhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/index.php?title=Public_Suffix_List/Use_Cases&diff=370209Public Suffix List/Use Cases2011-11-16T18:15:56Z<p>Jothan: Added some additional use cases, more coming</p>
<hr />
<div>The [[Public_Suffix_List|PSL]] is being used for more things than was originally intended, and various edge cases, which need to be "in" for one use but "out" for another, are causing people difficulty. This page attempts to gather those potential use cases and help us make a decision on which ones to support, and how.<br />
<br />
The current definition according to publicsuffix.org is: 'A "public suffix" is one under which Internet users can directly register names.'<br />
<br />
{| border=1<br />
|-<br />
! Name<br />
! Description<br />
! Question<br />
! In List<br />
! Not In List<br />
|-<br />
| Cookie-Setting<br />
| Deciding whether a cookie should be allowed to be set for a suffix of a given domain<br />
| Are this domain and its suffix controlled by the same entity?<br />
| com, appspot.com, co.uk<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| 'Responsible Domain' Highlighting/Browser History Sorting<br />
| Deciding which parts of a domain to highlight or sort on in a UI - "Public Suffix + 1"<br />
| Are this domain and its suffix controlled by the same entity?<br />
| com, appspot.com, co.uk<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Navigability<br />
| Deciding whether a browser should attempt to navigate to a given URL without consulting DNS<br />
| Is there (likely to be) an A record for this domain?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|-<br />
| SSL Wildcards<br />
| Deciding whether to issue or accept an SSL wildcard certificate for *.public.suffix.<br />
| Are the servers of this domain and its suffix operated by the same entity?<br />
| com, co.uk<br />
| appspot.com<br />
|-<br />
| TLD Validation in programming languages<br />
| Numerous programming languages use the PSL to validate form entries or logic determining validity of TLDs where PSL is used to validate the rightmost apex of TLD. <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Anti-Spam<br />
| The rightmost apex of TLDs is reviewed for validity on return/sender addresses as a basic check, using match in PSL as initial pass/fail to reduce processing time. <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- <br />
| Whois client software<br />
| Use of PSL to track delta/changes/additions to list of possible TLD extensions for purposes of determining whois servers for distributed clients. <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
[pkasting] Three questions:<br />
* I don't know whether the cookie "question" is precisely correct. Are there situations where one organization should be able to read/write another organization's cookies? For example, should a page on appspot.com be able to read a page on foo.appspot.com?<br />
* I don't think I understand the "history sorting" case completely. What are some concrete examples of this? In an ideal world, would this distinguish between subdomains which are conceptually "different sites" from the parent domain (e.g. mail.google.com versus google.com) and those which are not?<br />
* We should probably consider hypothetical future cases involving ICANN's new "sell anyone their own TLD" policy, like whether we need to do anything special if someone buys a TLD and tries to make it directly navigable via an A record. (Is there some organization which has the authority to approve or reject such actions?) [Jothan] Will track this</div>Jothan