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Calculus[[L10n:Home Page]]I INTRODUCTION ----
Calculus, branch of mathematics concerned with rates of change, gradients of curves, maximum and minimum values of functions, and the calculation of lengths, areas, and volumesSee [http://www. It is widely used, especially tyndall.org.uk/howto-cvs-fx.html Firefox Trunk in science and engineering, wherever continuously varying quantities occurCVS] for more detailed instructions on getting your localisation committed.
II HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Also see [[L10n:Updating Localizations in CVS]] for how to keep up to date with changes on the trunk.
inscribed polygons. However, difficulties with irrational numbers and the paradoxes of Zeno prevented a systematic theory developing. In the early 17th century Cavalieri and Torricelli extended the use of infinitesimals, while Descartes and Fermat used algebra Chase/BSmedberg remaining issues for determining areas and tangents (integration and differentiation, in modern terms). Fermat and Barrow knew these two processes were closely related, and Newton (in the 1660s) and Leibniz (in the 1670s) proved the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, that they are mutually inverse. Newton's discoveries, motivated by his theory full l10n of gravitation, preceded Leibniz's, but his delays in publishing them caused bitter priority disputes, and Leibniz's notation was eventually adoptedtrunk.
The 18th century saw widespread applications of calculus, but imprecise use of infinite and infinitesimal quantities and geometric intuition still caused confusion and controversy about its foundations, the philosopher Berkeley being a notable critic. The 19th-century analysts replaced these vague notions with firm foundations based See those resources for some info on what's going on finite quantities: Bolzano and Cauchy defined limits and derivatives precisely, Cauchy and Riemann did likewise for integrals, and Dedekind and Weierstrass for real numbers[http://benjamin. For instance, it was now understood that differentiable functions are continuous, and continuous functions integrable, but both converses failsmedbergs. In the 20th century, nonus/l10n/trunk-standard analysis belatedly legitimized infinitesimalsl10n.html Migrating FF L10n to trunk], while the development of computers increased the applicability of calculus[https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=279768 Bug 279768 - make build system work with --enable-ui-locale]
III DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Differential calculus is concerned with rates of change. Suppose that two variables x and y are related by an equation y = f(x) for some function fDirectories to localise=If you're starting from scratch, indicating how these are the value of y depends on the value of x. For instance, x could represent time, CVS directories you need to download and y the distance travelled by some moving object at time x. A small change h in x, from a value x0 to x 0 + h, induces a change k in y from y 0 translate:<pre class= f(x0) to y0 + k = f(x0 + h); thus k = f( x0 + h) "code">mozilla/browser/locales/en-US/mozilla/dom/locales/en-US/mozilla/extensions/reporter/locales/en-US/mozilla/netwerk/locales/en-US/mozilla/other-licenses/branding/firefox/locales/en-US mozilla/security/manager/locales/en- f(x0), and the ratio kUS/mozilla/toolkit/locales/h represents the average rate of change of y as x increases from x0 to x0 + h. The graph of the function y = f(x) is a curve in the xyen-plane, and kUS/h is the gradient of the line AB through the points A = (x 0,y0) and B = (x0 + h,y 0 + k) on this curve; this is shown in Figure 1, where h = AC and k = CB, so k</h is the tangent of the angle BAC.pre>
If h approaches 0, with x0 fixed, then k/h approaches the instantaneous rate of change of y at x0; geometrically, B approaches A along the graph of y = f(x), and the line AB approaches the tangent AT Posted to the graph at A, so k/h approaches the gradient of the tangent (and hence of the curve) at An. We therefore define the derivative f′(x0) of the function y = f(x) at x0 to be the value (or limit) which k/h approaches as h approaches 0, written: This represents both the rate of change of y and the gradient of the graph at Ap. When x is time and y is distance, for example, the derivative represents instantaneous velocitym. Positivel10n, negative, or zero values of f′(x0) respectively indicate that f(x) is increasing, decreasing, or stationary at x 0. The derivative is a new function f′(x) of x, sometimes denoted by dy/dx, df/dx or Df. For example, let y = f(x) = x2, so the graph is a parabola. Then so k/h = 2x0 + h, which approaches 2x 0 as h→ 0. Thus the gradient when x = x0 is 2x0, and the derivative of f(x) = x2 is f′(x) = 2 x. Similarly xm has derivative mxm2005-04-1 for each fixed m. The derivatives of all commonly occurring functions are known20 01: see the table for some examples.33 UTC=
Some words of caution are needed hereWe're days from Firefox 1. Firstly1a release, and we're ready to find the derivative we make h small (positive or negative), but never zero: this would give k/h = 0/0, which is meaningless. Secondly, not every function f has a derivative at each x0, since k/h need not approach a limit as h→ 0. For instance, f(x) = | x| has no derivative at x0 = 0, since k/h is 1 or -1 as h> 0 or h< 0; geometrically, the graph has a corner (and hence no tangent) at A = (0,0). Thirdly, although the notation dy/dx suggests the ratio of two numbers dy and dx (denoting infinitesimal changes in y and x), it is really a single number, the limit of a ratio k/h as both terms approach 0youlocalized trunk builds.
Differentiation is the process of calculating derivatives. If a function f is formed by combining two functions u and vAs I'm writing it, its derivative f′ can first builds on l10n tinderbox that should be obtained from u and v by simple rules; for instance greanare bakeing.At the derivative of a sum is the sum of their derivatives, moment we have 9 builds that is, if f = u + v (meaning that f(x) = u(x) + v(x) for all x) then f′ = u′ + v′, and a similar rule (u - v)′ = u′ - v′ applies to differencespossibly will build. It's not toomuch. If a function is multiplied by a constant, then so is its derivative, that is, (cu)′ = cu′ for any constant cWe have overall 13 builds in CVS. The rules for products and quotients are less obvious: if f = uv then f′ = uv′ + u′v, and if f = u/v then f′ = ( u′v-uv′)/v2 provided v(x) ≠ 0That's not too much.
Using these rulesSo please, quite complicated functions can be differentiated: for instance x2 and x5 if you want to have derivatives 2 x and 5x4, so the function 3x2 - 4x5 has derivative (3x2 - 4x 5)′ = (3x2)′ - (4x5)′ = 3.( x2)′ - 4.(x5)′ = 3.(2x) - 4.(5 x4) = 6x - 20x4. More generally, any polynomial f(x) = a0 + a1x + ..1. + anxn has derivative f′(x) = a1 + 2a2 x + ... + nanxn-1; alpha in particularyour language, constant functions have derivative 0start yourwork now.
If y To check changes in some timeframe you can use our [http://bonsai.mozilla.org bonsai tool].Just put this<pre class= u(z) and z = v(x)"code">mozilla/browser/locales/en-US/, so that y depends on z and z depends on xmozilla/dom/locales/en-US/, then y = u(v(x))mozilla/extensions/reporter/locales/en-US/, so y depends on xmozilla/netwerk/locales/en-US/, written y = f(x) where f is the composition of u and v; the chain rule states that dymozilla/security/manager/dx = (dylocales/dz).(dzen-US/dx), or equivalently f′mozilla/toolkit/locales/en-US/</pre>(x) = u′(v(x)). v′(xprobably will break)in Directory input, and type the timeframe tocheck what changed in that timeframe. For instance, if y = ez where e <p class= 2.718 "note"> line corrected as noted by BSmedberg... is the exponential constant, and z = ax where a is any constant, then y = eax; now dy/dz = ez (see table) and dz</dx = a, so dy/dx = aeax.p>
Many problems can be formulated and solved using derivatives. For example, let y be the amount present in a sample of radioactive material at time x. According to theory and observation, the sample decays at a rate proportional to the amount remaining, that is, dy/dx = ay for some negative constant a. To find y in terms of x, we therefore need a function y = f(x) such that dy/dx = ay for all x. The most general such function is y = ce ax where c is a constant. Since e0 = 1 we have y = c when x = 0, so c is the initial amount present (at time x = 0). Since a<0 we have eax→ 0 as x increases, so y→ 0, confirming that the sample gradually decays to nothing. This is an example of exponential decay, shown in figure 3a. If a is a positive constant, we obtain the same solution y = ceax, but as time progresses y now increases rapidly (since eax does when a>0); this is exponential growth, shown in figure 3b and observed in nuclear explosions and certain animal communities, where growth-rate is proportional to population.
IV INTEGRAL CALCULUS The very last change is in reporter tool - update your locales ASAP please.
Integral calculus involves the inverse process We will not have time to differentiation, called integration. Given a function f, we seek a function F with derivative F′ = f; this is an integral or antiderivative of f, written F(x) = ∫ f(x)dx or simply F = ∫f dx (a notation we help those who will explain later). Tables of derivatives can be used for integration: thus x2 has derivative 2x, so 2x has x2 as an integral. If F is any integral of f, the most general integral of f is F + c, where c is an arbitrary constant called the constant of integration; this is because wake up in a constant has derivative 0, so ( F + c)′ = F′ + c′ = f + 0 = f. Thus ∫2xdx = x2 + c, for instancelast day.
The basic rules for integrating compound functions resemble those for differentiation. The integral of a sum or difference is the sum or difference of their integrals, and likewise for multiplication by a constant. Thus x = y.2x has integral yx2, and similarly ∫xm dx = xm+1/(m + 1) for any m≠ -1. (We exclude m = -1 to avoid dividing by 0; the natural logarithm ln|x| is an integral of x-1 = 1/x for any x≠ 0.) Integration is generally harder than differentiation, but many of the more familiar functions can be integrated by these and other rules (see the table).Greetings<br>Zbigniew Braniecki
A classic application of integration is to calculate areas. Let A be the area of the region between the graph of a function y = f(x) and the x-axis, for a≤x≤b. For simplicity, assume that f(x) ≥ 0 between a and b. For each x≥a, let L(x) be the area of this region to the left of x, so we need to find A = L(b). First we differentiate L(x). If h is Building a small change in x, the region below the graph between x and x + h is approximately a rectangle of height f(x) and width h (see figure 4); the corresponding change k localised Firefox= L(x + h) - L(x) in area is therefore approximately f(x)h, so k/h is approximately f(x). As h→ 0 these approximations become more exact, so k/h→ f(x) and hence L′(x) = f(x). Thus L is an integral of f, so if we know any integral F of f then L = F + c for some constant c. Now L(a) = 0 (since the region to the left of x vanishes when x = a), so c = -F(a) and hence L(x) = F(x) - F(a) for all x≥a. In particular, A = L(b) = F(b) - F(a), written This is the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, valid whenever f is continuous between a and b, provided we assign negative areas to any regions below the x-axis, where f(x) < 0. (Continuity means that f(x) → f(x0) as x→x0, so f has an unbroken graph.) For example f(x) = x2 has integral F( x) = x3/3, so and with this formula it is possible to work out a large number of useful quantities. For example, the volume of a cone of height h and radius r can be found by evaluating the expression ∫p (rx / h)2 dx between the limits x = 0 and x = 1; this is because the radius at a distance x below the apex of the cone is rx / h and the cross-sectional area is p (rx / h)2. The result is p r2 h / 3.
Here is a definite integral of f; this is a numberAssuming you know how to build Mozilla. If you do not, whereas go check out the indefinite integral ∫f(x)dx is a function F(x) (more precisely, a set of functions F(x) + c)build instructions [http://www.mozilla.org/projects/firefox/build. The symbol ∫ (a 17th-century S) suggests summation of areas f(x)dx of infinitely many rectangles of height f(x) and infinitesimal width dx; more precisely, is the limit of a sum of finitely many rectangular areas, as their widths approach 0html overhere].
The derivative dy/dx = f′(x) of To build a function y = f(x) can be differentiated again localised Firefox, you must have your l10n CVS checkout folder next to obtain a second derivative, denoted by d2y/dx 2, f′′your mozilla CVS checkout folder (xas ‘siblings’) or D2f. If x is time E.g. Projects/Mozilla/mozilla/ and y is distance travelled, for instance, so that dyProjects/dx is velocity v, then d2yMozilla/dx2 = dv/dx is rate of change of velocity, that is, acceleration. By Newton's second law of motion, a body of constant mass m subject to a force F undergoes an acceleration a satisfying F = ma. For example, if the body falls under the gravitational force F = mg (where g is the gravitational field strength) then ma = F = mg implies a = g, so dvl10n/dx = g. Integrating, we have v = gx + c where c is constant; putting x = 0 shows that c is the initial velocity. Integrating dynl/dx = v = gx + c, we have y = ygx2 + cx + b where b is constant; putting x = 0 shows that b is the initial value of y.
Higher derivatives f(n)(x) = dn y/dxn = Dnf of f( x) are found by successively differentiating n times. Taylor's Theorem states that if f(x) can be represented as a power series f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + anx n + ... (where a0If you don’t have it already,a1, ... are constants), then an = f(n)(0)/n! where 0!=1 and n!= 1 × 2 × 3 × ... × n for all n≥ 1. Most commonly used functions can be represented as power series; for instance if f(x) = ex then f(n)(x) = ex for all n, so f(n)(0) = e0 = 1 and hencechecking out the l10n folder is done with:
V PARTIAL DERIVATIVES Where you should substitute ‘nl’ with the language code which you want to work on.
Functions of several variables can also have derivatives. Let z = f(xThen,y), so z depends on x and y. Temporarily holding y constant we can regard z as a function of x, and differentiating this gives you should add the partial derivative ¶z/¶x = ¶f/¶x; similarly, keeping x constant and differentiating with respect following line to y we obtain ¶z/¶y = ¶f/¶y. For instance, if z = x2 -xy + 3y2 then ¶z/¶x=2x-y and ¶z/¶y= -x+6y. Geometrically, an equation z = f(x,y) defines a surface in three-dimensional space; if the x- and y-axes are horizontal and the z-axis is vertical, then ¶z/¶x and ¶z/¶y represent the gradients of this surface at the point (x,y,z) in the directions of the x- and y-axes. Partial derivatives can also be calculated for functions of more than two variables, by keeping all but one variable temporarily constant; higher partial derivatives can be defined by repeating this operation. Partial derivatives are important in applied mathematics, where functions often depend on several variables such as space and timeyour mozconfig file.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference Library 2002Again, substitute ‘nl’ for the language you want to build. © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reservedNow if you build Firefox, it will automatically have the ‘nl’ locale.
Reverted edit of Georgebush, changed back to last version by MarkTyndall
<pre class="code">cvs -d :pserver:anonymous@cvs-mirror.mozilla.org:/l10n co l10n/nl</pre>
<pre class="code">ac_add_options --enable-ui-locale=nl</pre>
